Random testing, in the context of HR, refers to the practice of conducting drug or alcohol tests on employees or job applicants in a random and unannounced manner. It is a strategy used by organizations to deter substance abuse, ensure workplace safety, and maintain a drug-free work environment. Random testing involves selecting individuals from a pool of employees or candidates without any prior notice or suspicion. The purpose is to provide a fair and unbiased method of testing that discourages substance use among employees and helps identify individuals who may pose a risk to themselves or others due to substance abuse.

Example: 
An example of random testing is when a company implements a policy of conducting random drug tests on its employees. The HR department maintains a pool of employees' names and periodically selects individuals from this pool for testing. Those selected are informed on the day of the test without any prior indication. This approach ensures that all employees have an equal chance of being tested and helps to deter substance abuse in the workplace. Random testing can be done through urine tests, breathalyzer tests, or other approved methods, depending on the substances being screened for. The results of the test are handled confidentially and may have consequences based on the organization's drug policy, such as counseling, disciplinary action, or termination, depending on the results and applicable laws or regulations.